Poem ~ Paris Attacks - Tuesday, 31 July 1917

Source: File: From Geographical Imaginations: Is Paris Burning? A look-out man operates a portable siren above the city. See an original image at: <https://geographicalimaginations.com/2012/10/20/is-paris-burning/> 
[Accessed 31 July 2017]

Within war comes propaganda;

Opposing sides give denial

Of what the other side says.

Arial activity over the capital

Of France, found multiple
German bombing air raids.

As a precaution army of Paris
Firemen warned the people
Of enemy crafts approaching.

Weird, unusual sounds stirred

Paris, as firemen on roofs blew

On bugles or sounded sirens.

Above air raid alarms French

Air craft took flight over city,

In a darkening, melting sky.

Ground and sky became

As one - deep darkness cut

By beams of searchlights.

German official reports told
Of railways targeted in Paris,
To hit their mark with damage.

By Saturday, French replies

Made denial - that enemy

Planes had left no destruction.

Neither material loss nor loss

Of life - wireless messages

Were received by Admiralty.

Yet Parisian military bases

And railways were hit, with
German pilots safely returned.

Sunday July 29th, a Journal

Told of a suburban air raid

To describe damages done.

One store of combustibles

had been hit - also a factory

Yard, to leave small effects.

Two more fell appropriately

Into gutters, while shell havoc

Hit beds of innocent cauliflowers.

Any resulting explosions

Lacked involved descriptions,

As another bomb hit a centre.

Noted as important, maybe

Military, one turret exploded;

Being close to civilian houses.

The blast blew out material

To injure a single sleeping lady -

More bombs harmlessly fell.

Some hit one large enclosure,

With three in a boulevard -

Another damaged flowerbeds.

Sunday 29 July saw repeat.

30 minutes after midnight

Came the sounds of bugles.

Firemen called reveille and

Again set sirens loud across

Sleepy Paris, all as a caution.

Readied French squadrons

Took action to flight; reportedly

Sending enemy backwards.

News via Petit Journal, from
Versailles said bombs exploded,

All lost in the open countryside.

by Jamie Mann.

Anon.,1917. Bombs On Paris - No Victims Or Damage. The Daily Telegraph, [online] 30 July 1917. P.4. Col.6. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12214740/Daily-Telegraph-July-30-1917.html [Accessed: 31 July 2017].

Mann, J., 2016. 100 years Ago - Poems by Jamie Mann. [letter] (Personal communication, 31 July 2017). 

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12214740/Daily-Telegraph-July-30-1917.html

http://worldwaroneblogger.blogspot.co.uk/

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Poem ~ Russia And Speculation - Sunday, 25 March 1917 - Saturday, 31 March 1917

Source: File: Vladimir 'Lenin' Ilyich Ulyanov in Exile. Collective Leadership. See an original image at: <http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/11562318> [Accessed 25 March 2017]

16 March 1917 of the Gregorian calendar,

Noted how just over a week of revolution

Within Russia brought out reactions from

Other world countries - America's press

Were positive to respect Russia's people.

The view had arrived from New York,

Unblended by a lengthy Berlin wireless

Message to neutral countries - whose

Influence of assistance had funded

The return of Bolsheviks to Russia.

This included one certain figure intent

To lead the party; Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov

Known by alias Lenin - propaganda from

Germany had sought to suggest how

Russia would then be out of the war.

London opinion had no such thought -

Rebirth of Russian determination

Was suggestion - united Russian, free

Of plots would be better equipped;
Revolts success would defeat Germany,

A Petrograd dispatch told how army

Was on revolutionary side - two years

Of war bled away complete Tsar loyalty

And obedience to the Empire - America

Had welcomed the change of rule.

To say how entrusted Duma leaders

With others were directing the empire -

Maladministration’s had been turned

Upside down to realise ambitions; for
Russian access to unfrozen seas.

News of the Tsar's abdication raised

By press, as in the New York Times,

Noted the passing of an old regime,

Maybe to herald a new free world;

Democratic countries looked to Russia.

Democracy would free Russian

People - that good organization

Would make defeat of revolution

Impossible - what then will those

Autocrats in Germany consider?

The New York Tribune had debated

How changes of Russian rule may

Be decisive act to defeat Germany -

Within New York Times was theory

Of temporary abdication of monarchy.

To see new constitutional Tsar form

That could rule as head of the state;

America eagerly awaited more news.

Yet German reaction was subdued;

Perhaps a more realistic viewpoint.

Overall the view from Germany

Was one of regret and unknown -

How might alliances be affected?

A warning made by press to say

Caution against any change in war.

Deutsche Zeitung; 'personalities are

Central to events,' Vassische Zeitung;

Advised judgment; Berliner Tageblatt

Warned of anti monarchy; Frankfurter

Zeitung stated; can be no prediction.

A calmer reaction purveyed France

Where Press in the 'Temps' saw a shift

To the left in Bureaucracy and peoples

Struggles - a power shift to a bloc held

By assemblies and an army majority.

Yet the 'Temps' reminded the reader by

France's own historical fight for liberty.

Holland held change as victory for war

Parties, to end speculation of separate

Peace between Russia and Germany.

Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant added,

Idea of revolution would lend continuation

Of war - Italian military situation would

Not alter due to rapid manner of revolt -

Italy said: 'evil out of which good will come.'

Skepticism dominated - such Russian

Events as a telegram in Austrian capital

Of Vienna - any results of rising were far

Too soon to speculate; the coup d'etate

Would have a world reaching effects.

Analysis of Denmark dwelled on theory

That the old government had tendencies

Of a bond with Germany - in a renewal

Of rule, Russia would lean to envigoured

Route into the war as shared in Britain.

British MP Philip Stanhope, 1st Baron

Weardale's statement in an interview

Told of close acquaintance of many

Members of the new Russian cabinet -

To hope for new freedoms for people.

Stanhope shared belief of resurgence

By military presence on the fighting

Field - how agricultural movements

Would now be restored, to deal with

Food shortages with Moscow at centre.

Seen as important, British opinion held

Thoughts of Henry Mayes Hyndman,

A founder of Britain’s first socialist party;

This had been an ideal revolution

Where limited blood had been spilled.

A 'parasitical class' had been overturned

To claim facts had been issued in 'Justice,'

5 months before - background intrigue

Had led to downfall, while Miliukoff gained

Praise by Hyndman for smooth revolt.

So Kaiser be warned writing is on wall -

A world was watching wheel of revolution

For a smoothed shift of Russian power,

To rise and crush Germany; yet a wary

World should beware of revolutionaries.

by Jamie Mann.

Anon.,1917. A Worlds View On The Russian Revolt - America Delighted. The Daily Telegraph, [online] 8 March 1917. P.6. Col.4. Available at: <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12214364/Daily-Telegraph-March-8-1917.html> [Accessed: 25 March 2017].

Mann, J., 2016. 100 years Ago - Poems by Jamie Mann. [letter] (Personal communication, 25 March 2017). 

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12214364/Daily-Telegraph-March-8-1917.html

http://worldwaroneblogger.blogspot.co.uk/

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Poem ~ Broken Isolationism - Monday, 12 March 1917 - Thursday, 15 March 1917

Source: File: Woodrow Wilson is sworn in to his second term as President of the United States by Chief Justice Edward Douglass White. See an original image at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WilsonInauguration1917.jpg> [Accessed 12 March 2017]

Sunday 4 March 1917, the day

President Wilson made an oath

To enter a second term in post.

Entering a more somber period

Of his presidency - expectancy

Awaited an inaugural speech.

The talk centered around an

'Armed Neutrality Bill,' when

President Wilson would gain

Powers, to arm all merchant

Vessels, against the piracy

Being carried out by Germany.

96 members of the senate

Saw total of 83 supporting

Moves to armed neutrality -

For all intent and purposes

America was acting out war,

As seen in correspondence.

While from reliable sources

Representatives, Senators

Any kind of declaration lay

In the hands of congress;

The Representatives house

Of 416 votes saw 403 united.

They favoured 'Armed Ship

Bill,' to note how events

And the timing of, perhaps

Declaring war, had become

Shadowed by fact in armed

Ships, making a declaration.

An isolationism that USA

Had maintained for more

Than two years had altered,

After a German submarine

Covered the great distance

Of sailing the Atlantic ocean.

A new reality had been born,

To show how United States of

America was part of the world.

Overriding the people's beliefs

In refraining from any meddling

In European continent's affairs.

With the revealed plot aimed

Towards USA - to set attempts

To utilize Japanese forces on

An Mexican platform, intent

To invade American soil - akin

To the 1914 Belgium invasion.

A German telegram effectively

Declared themselves as enemy

To the USA, sentiments were

Swiftly stirred to fight on allies

Side - rather than to fight as a

Completely separate nation.

The propaganda machine

Of Germany within the USA

Reached a crossroads - they

Could not deny discovery

Of the German plot - though

Newspapers attempted a ploy.

New Yorker, Staats-Zeitung

And Gaelic American, gave

The idea to their readers that

The Zimmermann Note was

In fact an English forgery,

Planted to create conflict.

Flying in the face of Berlin,

Admissions and sentiments

Inflamed a majority among

People of America, which

Awaited Vienna’s response

In supporting Germany.

Yet the feeling of situation

Being all out of proportion

To lay in a certain minority -

If memebers in the senate

Might block the bill, Woodrow

Wilson could override them.

by Jamie Mann.

Source: File: Second Inaugural Address of Woodrow Wilson. Yale Law School - The Avalon Project. Available at: <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/wilson2.asp> [Accessed 12 March 2017]

Source: File: U.S. Presidential Inaugurations: Woodrow Wilson. Available at: <https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/inaugurations/wilson/index.html> [Accessed 12 March 2017]

Source: File: The Washington times., March 05, 1917, Complete Afternoon Edition, Image 1. Available at: <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1917-03-05/ed-1/seq-1/> [Accessed 12 March 2017]

http://worldwaroneblogger.blogspot.co.uk/

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Poem ~ Sussex Pledge Broken - Wednesday, 7 March 1917- Thursday, 8 March 1917

Source: File: torpedoed Cross-channel ferry Sussex at Boulogne, March 1916. The entire forepart of the ship was destroyed in the attack. See an original image at: <http://study.com/academy/lesson/sussex-pledge-definition-lesson.html> [Accessed 7 March 2017]

Within hours of the Laconia's loss, survivor

Reporter Floyd Gibbons of Chicago Tribune,

Composed his account of certain night, February

25 1917 - over the next few days newspaper

Debates expressed American opinions.

Only 11 months before a diplomatic crisis 

Had threatened America's neutrality; German
UB 29 in a grave error of judgment, had attacked 
What was believed to be a Mine Sweeper - 
A daily passenger ferry left Folkestone.

The situation at sea had seen declared

War zones; German frustrations at land-war

Stalemate turned towards the sea - from 1916

Unrestricted U Boat policy of attacks were

Made against shipping, though restricted.

The Lusitania that had been torpedoed

In May 1915 had initially riled America with

The deaths of 128 Americans - in order to pacify

USA, Germany curbed U-boat attacks; armed

Merchant ships again valid targets by 1916.

March 1916 the Sussex carried civilians;

Being a cross channel ferry sighted by UB 29

Believed to be a mine layer the ferry was targeted.

The Sussex did not sink yet damage was heavy;

Amid the 80 casualties were 25 Americans.

President Woodrow Wilson's reaction

Was a threat to cut off all diplomacy with

Germany - actions were swift to Wilson's angry

April speech - on 4 May came a promise

With Germany's 'Sussex Pledge.'

The Sussex Pledge promised that no

Passenger ships would be targeted - while

Merchant ships would only be sunk; after being

Searched for weaponry passengers and crew

Would be made safe - rescinded by 1917.

Germany confidently believed that

They might win the war swiftly by an act

At sea, whereby unrestricted warfare would
Defeat allied forces, before any chance

Of the USA joining in conflict.

The Laconia attack sparked debate,

As daily American newspapers endorsed

The Governments view, to see the Laconia

Sinking as an overt act - such event

Were changing opinions in USA.

Tuesday 27 February an address

Made by President Wilson saw mixed

Reactions, about ambiguous nature of armed

Neutrality; 'peace at all costs' had then

Been the central policy of USA.

President Woodrow Wilson, along

With legal advisor Robert Lansing, met

To confer how blatantly Germany had gone

Against their word of the 'Sussex Pledge,'

Resulting in a new congress policy.

A quote from the New York Times

Called on all Americans to defend their

Liberties of the nation - a right to sail the seas

Securely and without risk - any surrender

Would show a nation lacking courage.

Debates in arming of American shipping

Were yet to be tested - to stretch the mind

How America might enter a war centered purely 

In Europe - President Wilson believed only

An invasion of the US would cause war.

Only time might tell any future 
Direction; in the meantime all American

Consular officers, along with all diplomats,

Started a process of leaving Austria,

Breaking with the central powers.

At the foot of America on Mexican 

Border, stretching from Tijuana across

To Brownsville, had been brewing a line

Of adversity - although regarding war

The country shared USA neutrality.

Mexico itself was in the throws

Of lengthy revolution - with strained

Politics openly made the hispanic country

An ideal sideline for German intent -

To entice Venustiano Carranza.

The President of Mexico held key

To deflect the USA; the Zimmerman

Telegram decoded message had revealed

German intent to restart their submarine

Warfare, to curtail 'Sussex Pledge.'

Ideal was that America remained

Neutral - if this did not happen then

Germany proposed a Mexico alliance -

The carrot being financial support

For regaining all lost territories.

Arizona, Texas and New Mexico taken

In the 1848 Mexican cession in the treaty

Of Guadalupe Hidalgo; von Eckardt was given

Free reign to gain Mexico as an ally,
By a settlement to retake territory.

Von Eckardt instructions was to distract 

President's attention; that in a few months

England would be compelled to make peace.

'Make war together make peace together,'

Was motto of an alliance with Mexico.

Although the telegram kept options

Open, von Eckardt was requested to use

His initiative; also to mediate some agreement

With Japan, who was then fighting alongside

The allied powers; signed Zimmerman.

Strains of mutual dislike lay all around;

America was anti Mexican, with element

Of anti British - with anti Germany in Mexico

Was anti America - German held hopes

For a Mexico-American war to break.

So a scene was set - with the 'Sussex

Pledge' trashed, to see by start of March
Defensive arms to be carried by American ships.

A direct result of overt act; diplomacy ties

With Germany fell - time might tell.

by Jamie Mann.

Source: File: US Department Of State: American Entry into World War I, 1917. Available at: <https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/82205.htm> [Accessed 7 March 2017]

Source: File: Wikipedia: Sussex Pledge. Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_pledge> [Accessed 7 March 2017]

Source: File: The First World War, East Sussex. The Sussex Pledge. Available at: <http://www.eastsussexww1.org.uk/the-sussex-pledge/> [Accessed 7 March 2017]

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Poem ~ Season Of Peace And War - Monday, 25 December 1916 - Tuesday 26 December 1916

Source: File: Ruheben Camp festive card. Sketch depicting the card as they might have appeared in 1917 ‑ had the war ended that year. See an original image at: <https://www.worldwar1postcards.com/christmas-postcards.php> [Accessed 15 December 2016]

Reaching a bridge of 24 months from

First war Christmas, came 1916 festivities -

Situations of moods had long changed,

Across bitter stalemate of frontlines.

For the dead there were no celebrations.

Many that had once kicked a football

Across No Mans Land, long laid below

Or scattered across its poisoned mud.

Verdun, Somme and many new names

Of battles marked the bitter losses - any

Type of fraternisation forbidden by orders;

No football games of Hun versus Tommy.

Yet such truces of peace were not totally

Diminished - many Germans called out

Across the void to the Tommy and the Poilu

For 'Trêve de Noël' and 'Weihnachtsfrieden.'

The French spirit for 'live and let live' saw

Sectors sing to each other in native songs,

Along with exchanged gifts thrown across

Closest spaces of their outermost trenches.

Still the season, though subdued, continued.

Back in blighty had been orgainsed programs,

To get Christmas puddings to the front troops;

Though jokes abounded, if they would arrive.

With frozen stalemate in mud and the worst

Weather for more that 30 years, shortages

Were taking a grip - seasonal telegrams did

Not halt to tell men’s families of their deaths.

Not to forget the detained, held in camps from

Either side - with those most talented devising

Festive postcards - the artistic in the Ruhleben

Civilian camp held since 1914, drew designs.

In a card for xmas two detainees stare beyond

The wire towards the rising sun in hope of 1917;

A version shows them dancing before a happy

Sun and posts without wire, had the war ended.

A cherub builds three blocks for each war year;

1916 atop 1915 and 1914 - while yet another

Card, a smirking cherub kicks away the blocks -

Tentatively wishing happy forebodings for 1917.

With many an unlucky Tommy still on duty

In the trenches - as witnessed by news reporters

Such as Philip Gibbs - where after frosts, sleet

And snow found Christmas Eve a mild day.

Winter sunshine reflected across swamps

And flooded holes described in poetic images;

As supply columns churned their ways through

Mud, delivering feast day supplies to troops.

Gibbs saw soldiers as Noah like figures building

Colonies of huts, with attempts to abate floods -

Figures everywhere, splattered stiff with pale mud,

Emerged from lines imbued with Christmas spirits.

By subdued daylight Tommy's, Jocks and Anzacs

Sought out trinkets in nearest of French village

Markets - while on eve of feast day the reporter

Found a crowded restaurant, ready to celebrate.

Characters at every table; Tommy’s and Poliu

In salute of Entente Cordiale; 'Bonne chance!'

'Nous Les Aurons' and counter Christmas wishes

To old Fritz - here and there sat puzzled faces.

Young faces of 1916 recruits, amid the mature

Old Contemptibles, drawn into other temporary

Moods - away from the easy warmth and light

He took a few steps into darkness, to see blinks

Of horizon shells - somewhere soldiers died.

by Jamie Mann.

Gibb. P.,1916. Tommy's Xmas Eve - Scenes And Contrasts - A Memorable Picture. The Daily Telegraph, [online] 26 December 1916. P.7. Col.1-2. Available at: <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12214032/Daily-Telegraph-December-26-1916.html> [Accessed: 26 December 2016].

Source: File: Picture Postcards From The Great War  - WW1 Christmas Postcards  by Tony Allen- 1914-1918. Available at: < https://www.worldwar1postcards.com/christmas-postcards.php> [Accessed 26 December 2016]

Mann, J., 2016. 100 years Ago - Poems by Jamie Mann. [letter] (Personal communication, 26 December 2016). 

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12214032/Daily-Telegraph-December-26-1916.html

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Poem ~ Medics Under Fire - Friday, 06 October - Saturday, 07 October 1916

Source: File: Stretcher-bearers moving up to the forward area; near Ginchy;14 September 1916. Tank tracks can be seen running alongside them in the mud. See an original image at: <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stretcher-bearers_attached_to_a_Guards_battalion_moving_forward_near_Ginchy_on_the_Somme,_14_September_1916._Q1214.jpg> [Accessed 6 October 2016]

An influential pioneer of newspaper trade

Alfred Harmsworth, had been born into world

Of the gentry, with brothers of viscounts

And barons to gain his own title - 1st Viscount

Northcliffe - to become a freelance journalist.

Building on the purchase of periodicals,

Harmsworth went on to take failing papers

And build them into successful chains -

From the Evening News the viscount went

Onto create the Daily Mail and Daily Mirror.

A tabloid pioneer that linked in compulsory

Education - another Harmsworth paper,

The Times, had made reports over the 1915

Shell crisis, that in turn had led to changes

In government regarding the lack of shells.

By reaction Prime minster Asquith was forced

To form a coalition government - by creation

The ministry of munitions, whose minister

Was to be David Lloyd George - Harmsworth

Still a journalist made reports about the war.

A piece appeared within his newspaper,

The Daily Mail, relating to the War Doctors.

Lord Northcliffe had embarked on a Somme

Tour of the war front - reaching the frontline

On a Sunday, under a heavy atmosphere.

As if a permanent thunderstorm, continual

Clouds of dusty smoke hung all around.

In his objective of visiting an Advanced

Dressing station were endless interruptions,

Having to lay flat to avoid close shell bursts.

The practise occurred every few seconds,

To become quickly tedious, without any

Sign of the dressing station close by -

Suddenly two stretcher-bearers emerged

Out of nowhere through a haze, to vanish.

As quickly as they came they went down

Underground, as Alice did into a rabbit

Burrow - an inspector of the medical posts,

Lord Northcliffe's guide, pointed after them;

Down they went, to follow into wonderland.

Behind the men they dropped into a trench,

From foggy light into pitch darkness lit only

By candles - yet no quiet place, as an acting

Battery had let loose above; dominating

Any act of easy exchange or questioning.

From the flickering light, a grimy grim image

Emerged. They were stood in a passageway.

Part of a maze dug out of clay earth, little

More than the width of stretcher handles -

Under the dull light men lay on the ground.

Lined out on stretchers blocking the passage,

The men were silent under noisome blasts.

Making it difficult to attempt to talk many just

Stared into space, some smiled others slept;

They stepped over the stretchered wounded.

Many were out of it on morhpia - their torch light

Beam passed over varied shadowy faces  -by

Half stumbles they reached the main dressing

Area - above them rumbles numbed by density

Of solid ground, ignored by those in their burrow.

In a small chamber they found young doctors -

A few R.A.M.C subalterns taking tender care,

Washing and dressing of some twenty-four

Soldiers - by stealth the visitors moved onward;

In another chamber lay nine wounded men.

In one small room an operation was underway -

A tracheotomy was performed to relieve one

Mans ability to breathe - carried out in calm

Beneath five foot of earth, endless shudders

Above bowed heads, ignored by doctors work.

Further down in the dug tunnels were other

Rooms; a corrugated walled store room, an

Office, kitchen along with a mess room home

To seventy staff - all impressed Lord Northcliffe

Providing a reminder of extremes of war work.

Above them the barrage increased again -

The visitors would have to remain a while

Longer, sitting among the wounded men who

Laid helpless on the ground - he noted among

Some having tremors of shell shock symptoms.

Around them hands and expressions played

In time  - with each echoing dull thud, such gun

Effects held equal prejudice for every soldier -

The realization came to Northcliffe, how these

Caring humans had ability to go without sleep.

Amazed by their dedications to treat extreme

Effects of war on bodies - Northcliffe and guide

Waited for storms abate, talking over how many

Of the wounded initially dressed own wounds,

Using basic field dressings sewn into tunics.

Of course, it was only those soldiers who were

Able - while others waited, reliant on regimental

Stretcher-bearers or reaching aid posts like the

One where they sat - little wonder he thought,

Some broke down and not just women nurses.

by Jamie Mann.

Anon.,1916. The War Doctors  - Their Life Under Fire. The Daily Telegraph, [online] 4 October 1916. P.7. Col.2. Available at: <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12213368/Daily-Telegraph-October-5-1916.html> [Accessed: 5 October 2016].

Mann, J., 2016. 100 years Ago - Poems by Jamie Mann. [letter] (Personal communication, 5 October 2016). 

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12213368/Daily-Telegraph-October-5-1916.html

http://worldwaroneblogger.blogspot.co.uk/

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