Poem ~ Eastern Front Antics - Monday, 22 January 1917

Source: File: Russian Infantry.WWI – Part Six: Tsarist Russia and the War. See an original image at: <http://www.marxist.com/wwi-part-six-tsarist-russia-and-the-war.htm> [Accessed 22 January 2017]

News via neutral communications

Of 4 and 5 January, seeped through

Into news print, to tell of central

Powers frontline antics.

The Bulgarian city of Sofia informed

Amsterdam that in Dobrudja regions,

Of Romanian front, made extremes

Of exchanges with Russia.

Bulgarians Fourth Preslav Division

Clashed with Russian forces,

With hand to hand bayonet

Exchanges at Lake Jijila.

There, on the edge of the Danube,

Russian resistance had become

Divided, making entry to Macin

Town taking prisoners.

Parallel to this the central powers

Edged into Dobrudja at Braila

And Galatz - the allies made

Some small progress.

German and Austro Hungarian

Numbers pushed through south

Of Latinul on river Buzeu, with

Many prisoners taken.

Further unfamiliar place names

To include Romniceni, where

German troops overran

Roumanian villages.

Harja, Soveja east of Negulesci

And NW in heights of Odebesci,

Allies made reports of success,

Fighting back the invaders.

January 3 1917, Russian positions

In Kotumba region had repelled

Eastern front enemy, about

River valley of Tatroch.

On a level above Chebonicha river,

Over five occasions the central

Powers pushed at Russian

Held ground, only to fail.

In the Roumanian coutryside

Of other river plates, Kasino

And Oitoz north and south,

Held back three attacks.

Near other water flows of Putna

Zabala, east of Toposchik,

Displaced the Russian

Detachments.

At Norucha 8 miles south east,

Roumanians were to be also

Pushed back by enemy

Advance attempts.

Though Romanian army, nearly

10 miles away from Focsani,

Pushed back enemy attacks

In the Koproria region.

With ebb and flow of the Eastern

Frontline, the Roumanian troops

Were being heavily affected;

200,00 wounded and dead.

Another 150 soldiers were taken

Prisoners, as areas of their

Country succumbed

To the invaders.

by Jamie Mann.

Anon.,1917. Enemy Reports. The Daily Telegraph, [online] 6 January 1917. P.7. Col.1-2. Available at: <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12214075/Daily-Telegraph-January-6-1917.html> [Accessed: 22 January 2017].

Source: File: Bulgaria During World War I. Wikipedia. Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I> [Accessed 22 January 2017]

Source: File: Romani During World War I. Wikipedia. Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_I#1917_campaign_and_armistice> [Accessed 22 January 2017]

Mann, J., 2016. 100 years Ago - Poems by Jamie Mann. [letter] (Personal communication, 22 January 2017). 

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12214075/Daily-Telegraph-January-6-1917.html

http://worldwaroneblogger.blogspot.co.uk/

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Poema ~ Vostochnyy front - ponedel'nik, 22 yanvarya 1917

stochnik: Fayl: Russkaya pekhota. WWI - Chast' shestaya: Tsarskaya Rossiya i voyna. Sm. Iskhodnoye izobrazheniye po adresu: <http://www.marxist.com/wwi-part-six-tsarist-russia-and-the-war.htm> [Dostupno 22 yanvarya 2017]

Novosti cherez neytral'nyye kommunikatsii

4 i 5 yanvarya prosochilis' v pechat'

Novostey, chtoby rasskazat' o

Tsentral'nykh sily fronta.

Bolgarskiy gorod Sofiya soobshchil

Amsterdam, chto v oblastyakh Dobrudzha,

Iz rumynskogo fronta sdelali kraynosti

Ob obmene s Rossiyey.

Chetvertyy bolgarskiy otdel Preslav

Stolknuvshis' s rossiyskimi voyskami,

S ruchnym shtykom

Obmeny na ozere Dzhidzhila.

Tam, na krayu Dunaya,

Rossiyskoye soprotivleniye stalo

Razdelennyye, delaya vkhod v Makin

Gorod prinimayet plennykh.

Parallel'no s etim tsentral'nyye derzhavy

Okovannyy v Dobrudzhu v Breila

I Galats - soyuzniki

Nebol'shoy progress.

Nemetskiy i Avstro-Vengerskiy

Chisla probilis' cherez yug

Latinula na reke Buzeu, s

Mnogo plennykh vzyali.

Drugiye neznakomyye geograficheskiye

Nazvaniya vklyuchit' Romniceni, gde

Nemetskiye voyska okkupirovali

Rumyanskiye derevni.

Khar'ya, Soveya k vostoku ot Negulesi

I SZ v vysotakh Odebeski, soyuzniki

Delali otchety ob uspekhakh,

Bor'ba s zakhvatchikami.

3 yanvarya 1917 goda, rossiyskiye

Dolzhnosti v Kotumbe otgonyali

Vrag Vostochnogo fronta, okolo

Rechnaya dolina Tatrokha.

Na urovne vyshe reki Chebonicha,

V pyati sluchayakh tsentral'nyy

Polkovniki proshel zemlyu,

Tol'ko ne poluchilos'.

V rumynskoy coutryside

Iz drugikh rechnykh plit, Kasino

I Oitos sever i yug,

Uderzhal nazad tri ataki.

Ryadom s drugimi vodnymi potokami Putna

Zabala, k vostoku ot Toposhika,

Vytesnil russkiy

Otryady.

V Noruche v 8 milyakh k yugo-vostoku,

Takzhe dolzhny byli byt' rumyny

Otbroshennyy vragom

Predvaritel'nyye popytki.

Khotya rumynskaya armiya,

V 10 milyakh ot Fokshani,

Otbrosil vrazheskiye ataki

V regione Koproriya.

S otlivom i techeniyem Vostochnogo

Frontline, rumynskiye voyska

Byli sil'no zatronuty;

200,00 ranenykh i mertvykh.

Yeshche 150 soldat byli vzyaty

Zaklyuchennyye, kak oblasti ikh

Strana ustupila dlya
Zavoyevateley.

ot Jamie Mann.

Anon., 1917. Vrazheskiye otchety. The Daily Telegraph, [onlayn] 6 yanvarya 1917 goda. P.7. Kol.1-2. Dostupno po adresu: <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12214075/Daily-Telegraph-January-6-1917.html> [Dostup k: 22 yanvarya 2017 goda].

Istochnik: Fayl: Bolgariya Vo vremya Pervoy mirovoy voyny. Vikipediya. Dostupno po adresu: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I> [Dostupno 22 yanvarya 2017 g.]

Istochnik: Fayl: Romani Vo vremya Pervoy mirovoy voyny. Wikipedia. Dostupno po adresu: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_I#1917_campaign_and_armistice> [Dostupno 22 yanvarya 2017 g.]

Mann, J., 2016. 100 let nazad - Stikhi Dzheymi Manna. [Pis'mo] (Lichnoye soobshcheniye, 22 yanvarya 2017 goda).

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12214075/Daily-Telegraph-January-6-1917.html

http://worldwaroneblogger.blogspot.co.uk/

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Poem ~ Russia: No Peace, No Revolution - Tuesday, 30 May 1916 - Wednesday, 31 May 1916

 

Source: File: Michail Rodzianko, president of the Duma, Imperial Russia, in 1914.. [online] See an original image at: <https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Μιχαήλ_Ροντζιάνκο#/media/File:Mija%C3%ADlRodzianko1914f1.highres.jpeg> [Accessed: 30 May 2016]

The July crisis 24 months before, saw

Breakdown of diplomatic relations that

Led to Augusts’ declaration of war -

Not to forget how an assassination act

By a young Bosnian Serb had set sparks.

Ultimately the black finger of the Black

Hand had pulled a trigger, for first bullet

Of the First World War - ultimatums

Led to rise of mid European's marching

Armies in crossing lines of borders.

France, Austria, Russia and Prussia,

From 1870 had led European powers -

Equality over decades of diplomatic

Conflicts had created strain - Russia

Edged to war as her economy buckled.

With Russian investment greater

Than other countries, defense costs

Drained the people - despite Franco-

Russian Alliance, Germany remained

Most powerful state within Europe.

By biased communications of agenda

To legitimatise Russian war efforts

Was to show Germany's barbaric traits -

As allies opposed to triple alliance,

Russia feared a foothold of its border.

With the stack of cards tumbling,

The declaration of war across Europe,

Saw success of Russian invasion

Of East Prussia in opening conflicts -

Thus to establish the Eastern front.

22 months later came stout denial

Of any Peace party within Russia -

With America's involvement of hope

For peace, saw a press print Russia's

Reaction to such peace propaganda.

The Russian Duma assembly had

Heard words of their President -

Michail Rodzianko told interviewer

How the Russian Imperial Duma set

Out to convene about the outright lie.

An invitation was made to meet

And talk with Duma members -

German hegemony was well

Known to all Russian peasants,

Who were steadfast in idea of war.

Rodzianko told how they were

Prepared to fight even until 1936 -

The Kaiser had to accept terms -

German based peace might be

Acceptable to allies, but not Russia.

In regard to Russians continued

Readiness, Rodzianko told how

The army had doubled in size -

Better equipped and better fed;

Peace rumors had no substance.

An adamant Michail Rodzianko

Said how the peasant population

Were behind the leaders of their

Country - to bring down Germany -

Also to play down other rumors.

By conclusion, Rodzianko advised

That America should be informed

How, despite any predictions

On their part, there was no danger

Of Revolution occurring in Russia.

by Jamie Mann.

Anon.,1916. German Peace Talk - Vigorous Russian Reply. The Daily Telegraph, [online] 30 May 1916. P.10. Col.6. Available at: <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12210266/Daily-Telegraph-May-30-1916.html>  [Accessed: 30 May 2016].

Source: File: Peace Initiatives. Online. Available at: <http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/peace_initiatives> Accessed 30 May 2016

Source: File: Eastern Front (World War I). Online. Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)> Accessed 30 May 2016

Mann, J., 2016. 100 years Ago - Poems by Jamie Mann. [letter] (Personal

communication, 30 May 2016). 

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12210266/Daily-Telegraph-May-30-1916.html

http://worldwaroneblogger.blogspot.co.uk/

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Poem ~ Ice Water Trenches - Monday, 3 April 1916

Impression sketch of snow bound trenches, Galicia - by Jamie. From an original image that can be seen at: <http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Galiciai_llsok_egy_foly_homokos_rszn_180120.jpg> [Accessed: 3 April 2016]

Within the bitter fight of a front,

Arrived onslaught of nature's thaw.

Over seven days temperatures

Began to rise to burn wintery ice.

Under water's manifest, across

Galicia and Bukovina, the lower

Ground of trenches became as

Viaducts, to push out Germans.

Driven onto the parapets led to

Result of exposures to Russian

Fire - forcing the enemy back

Down into the flowing, icy waters.

Suggestions came how Germans

Side having nervous prompts -

From possible advance of allies -

Their intentions being to interfere.

Whilst sodden earth inhibited, all

Activities were moved towards

Higher, stable ground - separate

Germans attacks were carried out.

With no unified aim, detached

Forces worked forwards to hinder

The unified Russian preparations -

In the wet, as if in slow motion.

The amounts of melt brought

Disadvantage of using all heavy

Motors, as prisoners groaned

From irregular food supplies.

by Jamie Mann.

Anon.,1916. Russian Army - A Flooded Front. The Daily Telegraph, [online] 3 April 1916. P.6. Col.1. Available at: <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12206732/Daily-Telegraph-April-3-1916.html>  [Accessed: 3 April 2016].

Mann, J., 2016. 100 years Ago - Poems by Jamie Mann. [letter] (Personal communication, 3 April 2016). 

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12206732/Daily-Telegraph-April-3-1916.html

http://worldwaroneblogger.blogspot.co.uk/

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Poem ~ German Target: Verdun - Monday, 21 February 1916

Source: File: Douaumont Fort, Verdun, 1916.jpg. [online]  Available at: <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gun-erzurum-niva-1916-11.jpg> [Accessed: 18 February 2016]

See other image for

 Day 1 of the Battle of Verdun. Depicting there waves of German troops from Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment 39 advancing towards Haumont Wald (bois d’Haumont) on 21 February 1916.  Available at: <https://flic.kr/p/aBBztT> 

i

Germany was facing a problem;

The intention by German strategists

Had been a swift sharp cut, in action

Of the Schlieffen Plan via Belgium

Into France, to end with a Paris win -

This careful ambition was a failure.

Belgium's defenders were mighty;

France had thudded into Germany

At the Marne, while their Russian

Allies had fought them on Eastern

Front, as Britain had made barricades

Along the western front; stalemate.

A swift flash of victory floundered

Into mud, along a border of trench

War - with 1915 leading to dull closure,

General Erich Anton von Falkenhayn

Formulated how this stale situation

Might lead to successful conclusion.

In dark days of December, General

Falkenhayn wrote out a strategy

To the Kaiser - how he believed all

Might be saved, to sever an artery

Of France, which was at their heart -
Afterwards to turn East and Russia.

Once France was out of the running,

Lone Britain would be seeking peace.

Falkenhayn's target was to hit nerve

Of Verdun, that represented France.

In that formidable, impregnable fort,

French honour would be defeated.

ii

Easy in the sense of a paper plan,

French morale would fall in action

Of feeding their army into Verdun -

After being crushed they would

Beg for peace; 'impregnable' forts

Had both fallen at Liege and Namur.

Fire Power was Germany's Krupp,

Big built Berthas of 42 mm - thus
Operation Judgment was set and

The Kaiser was taken by the plan,

With Crown Prince Wilhem at head;
Yet no plan formed beyond attrition.

Falkenhayn had no further goals,

Than to wipe out forts of Verdun.

To think after what else could be

Done - without detail Crown Prince

Had his own idea to capture forts,

By two approaches over the Meuse.

For Falkenhayn this idea did not fit

His ideal of slashing down French

Army, to keep this to himself - yet

he allowed the Prince's attack, only

On the east bank of the Meuse;

In promise to send later reserves.

For Douaumont was central pivot;

1,200 feet high, about which were

20 other forts of varied sizes - part

Of a large salient that pushed its

Way into enemy lines - thus open

To German fire from three sides.

iii

Already France assisted Germany

By weakening Verdun - General

Joffre believing forts had no use,

By example of Belgium's easy loss.

So the forts only housed supplies -

A few men held onto a skeleton line.

While on the other side Germany

Massed their weaponry - heavy

Guns, howitzers and Big Berthas.

In double figures on a 8 mile front,

150 guns covered each mile - all

With 140,000 men moved secretly.

Enemy observation were held

Back by planes, assisted by poor

Weather conditions - the zero

Hour was set 12 February 1916.

Well into the night 11 February,

The Germans were ready to go.

12 February 1916 - 4th day

Of 27th week; 2nd year of war.

Into the night an explosion took

Over, as nature's storm brought

In blizzards of snow - dropping

Sub zero temperatures of bitter

Winds and frozen rain, to last for

Days; proving France's saviour.

iV

Suspicion flew across the winds,

And the French realised some

Plan was waiting beyond, from

Over the other side - quick action

Brought in French reinforcements -

They had gained nine days grace.

21 February 1916; communication

Down the German line; a new zero

Hour, prompted attack. A message

Reached town of Verdun, by launch

Of a 15 inch Krupp at a distance

Of 20 miles - followed by upheaval.

21 February 1916 - 6th day

Of 28 week; 2nd year of war.

Ten long fearful hours with a storm

Of artillery, fired by 808 guns over

A 19-mile front, from river Meuse's

East bank - while long-range guns

Of 26 fired 16.5, to target Verdun

And the forts - pausing at midday.

The plan was to believe French

To reveal themselves - as storm

Began again, to narrowing down

On an eight mile front -100,000

Shells an hour - high explosive

Shrapnel and gas made air solid.

15.30 p.m. culminated the explosive

Air, then stopped 16:00 p.m. field grey

Figures of Germans emerged across

A riddled lunar landscape, expectant

Of no living souls - defiant despite

Losses, the ragged French emerged.

V

With shocked surprise the Germans

Faced bedraggled, resistant fighters.

Despite a pounding of heavy shells,

The underground forts density

Preserved their gunnery that began

To open a return of artillery fire.

Head pounding the French fought

Back - to confirm Falkenhayn's

Prediction how the French would

Fight until their last man stood -

German attack stopped in tracks;

At night a bombardment resumed.

General Joffre's attitude to forts

Had been criticised, by Lieutenant

Colonel Emile Driant, a soldier

Of 60 - a military writer of Guerre

Imaginaire whose story, Fortress

Warfare, became a sad reality.

Driant was proved correct with

Verdun under threat, Driant took

Command to gain time to get

Reserves - then outflanked Driant

Gave order to retreat - with rifle

In hand Driant was shot in head.

Lieutenant Colonel Emile Driant,

The first high-ranking man shot

At Verdun, reflected a determined

France to resist invasion in that

Sector - the first hero of Verdun,

Driant died as others fought on.

by Jamie Mann.

Source: File: Battle of Verdun. Online. Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun> [Accessed 21 February 2016]

Source: File: Erich von Falkenhayn. Online. Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn> [Accessed 21 February 2016]

http://worldwaroneblogger.blogspot.co.uk/

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Poème ~ Cible allemande: Verdun - Lundi 21 Février 1916

Source: Fichier: Fort de Douaumont, Verdun, 1916.jpg. [En ligne] Disponible à l'adresse: <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gun-erzurum-niva-1916-11.jpg> [Consulté le 18 Février 2016]

i
L'Allemagne a été confrontée à un problème;
L'intention par les stratèges russes
Avait été une forte réduction rapide, en action
Sur le plan Schlieffen, via la Belgique
En France, à la fin avec une victoire de Paris -
Cette ambition minutieuse était un échec.

Les défenseurs de la Belgique étaient puissants,
La France avait en Allemagne battait
A la Marne, tandis que leur russe
Alliés les avaient combattu l'Est
barricades avant, la Grande-Bretagne avait fait
Le long du front occidental; impasse.

Un flash rapide de la victoire pataugé
Dans la boue, sur une frontière de la tranchée
Guerre - avec 1915 à venir à la fermeture terne
Général Erich von Falkenhayn Anton
Formulé comment cette situation rassis
Pourrait conduire à la conclusion réussie.

Dans les jours sombres de Décembre, le général
Falkenhayn a écrit une stratégie
Pour le Kaiser - comment il croyait tout
Peut-être sauvé, pour couper une artère
De France, qui était leur cœur -
Traiter avec eux, puis la Russie en Orient.

Une fois que la France était hors de la course,
Lone Bretagne chercherait à obtenir la paix.
cible Falkenhayn était de frapper le nerf
De Verdun, qui a représenté la France.
Dans les forts inexpugnables formidables
honneur français pouvait être vaincu.

ii
Facile dans le sens d'un plan de papier,
Français Moral tomberait en action
De l'alimentation de leur armée dans Verdun -
Après avoir été écrasé ils le feraient
Beg pour la paix; forts indestructibles
Avait cassé à Liège et Namur.

Fire Power était de l'Allemagne Krupp,
Construit Big Berthas de 42 mm - ainsi
Ce devait être l'opération Arrêt,
Le Kaiser a été prise par le plan
Avec le prince héritier Wilhem à la tête;
Pourtant, rien ne se trouvait au-delà de l'attrition.

Falkenhayn avait pas d'autres objectifs
Que de lingette forts de Verdun.
Ensuite, penser à ce que d'autre pourrait être
Fait - sans détails Prince héritier
Avait sa propre idée de capturer des forts,
Dans deux approches de la Meuse.

Pour Falkenhayn cela ne correspondait pas
Son idéal de sabrant bas Français
Armée de terre, de sorte gardé à lui-même - encore
Pour permettre l'attaque du prince seulement
Sur la rive est de la Meuse;
Dans la promesse d'envoyer des réserves plus tard.

Pour Douaumont était pivot central;
1200 pieds de haut sur lequel étaient
20 autres forts de tailles variées - partie
Sur un grand saillant qui a poussé son
Way dans les lignes ennemies afin ouvertes
Pour le feu allemand de trois côtés.

iii
Déjà France a aidé l'Allemagne
En affaiblissant Verdun - général
forts Joffre croyait avoir aucune utilité
Par exemple, la perte facile de la Belgique.
Ainsi, les forts que les fournitures logés
Et les hommes, détenus par une ligne de squelette.

Tandis que de l'autre côté Allemagne
Massée leurs armes - lourds
Guns obusiers et Big Bertha.
En deux chiffres sur un front de 8 mile
150 canons couverts chaque mile tous
Avec 140.000 hommes dans le secret.

l'observation de l'ennemi ont eu lieu
Retour par les bateaux assistés par une mauvaise
Les conditions météorologiques - le zéro
Hour a été fixé au 12 Février 1916.
Eh bien dans la nuit 11 Février
Les Allemands étaient prêts à aller.

12 Février 1916 - 4ème jour
De la semaine 27, en 2ème année de la guerre.

Dans la nuit une explosion a eu
Plus, comme la tempête de la nature a
Dans les blizzards de neige - laisser tomber
Températures inférieures à zéro d'amer
Vent et pluie gelée, pour durer
Jours, pour prouver le sauveur de la France.

iV
Suspicion a volé à travers les vents,
Et les Français a réalisé un certain
Régime attendait au-delà - de
Au cours de l'action rapide autre côté
Apporté en renforts français -
Ils avaient gagné neuf jours grâce.

21 Février 1916 la communication
En bas de la ligne allemande; nouveau zéro
Hour, invité attaque. Un message
ville atteint de Verdun par le lancement
D'un 15 pouces Krupp, à une certaine distance
Sur les 20 miles - suivie par les bouleversements.

21 Février 1916 - 6ème jour
Sur 28 semaines, en 2ème année de la guerre.

10 longues heures terribles avec une tempête
De l'artillerie, tirée par 808 canons plus
Un front 19-mile, de la rivière Meuse de
rive Est - tout canons à longue portée
De 26 tiré 16,5 pour cibler Verdun
Et les forts pour faire une pause à midi

Le plan était de croire français
Pour se révéler, comme la tempête
A commencé à nouveau rétrécissement
Huit mile avant -100000
Coquilles d'une heure - explosif
Shrapnel et de gaz ont fait l'air solide.

15.30 p.m. a culminé l'explosif
Air puis arrêté 16:00 p.m. champ gris
Les chiffres d'Allemands ont émergé à travers
Un paysage lunaire enceinte criblé
Des pas d'âmes vivant - défiante en dépit
Les pertes, le loqueteux français a émergé.

V
Avec surprise, choqué les Allemands
Face débraillé combattants résistants.
Malgré un pilonnage d'obus lourds
La densité des forts souterrains
Conservé leur gunnery qui a commencé
Pour ouvrir un retour de tirs d'artillerie.

Tête battre le Français a combattu
Retour, pour confirmer Falkenhayn de
Prédiction comment le français
Battez jusqu'à leur dernier homme debout -
attaque allemande arrêté dans des pistes;
Un bombardement de nuit a repris.

L'attitude du général Joffre à forts
Avait été critiqué par le lieutenant
Colonel Emile Driant, un soldat
De 60 un écrivain militaire de guerre
Imaginaire dont l'histoire Fortress
La guerre est devenue un véritable événement.

Driant a été prouvé correct avec
Verdun sous la menace Driant a
Commande pour gagner du temps pour obtenir
Réserves puis débordaient Driant
avec fusil - ordre de retraite Gave
Dans la main Driant a été abattu dans la tête.

Le lieutenant-colonel Emile Driant,
Le premier homme tir haut rang
À Verdun reflète une détermination
France pour résister à l'invasion en ce que
Secteur le premier héros de Verdun
Driant gauche que d'autres se sont battus sur.

by Jamie Mann.

Source: File: Battle of Verdun. Online. Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun> [Accessed 21 February 2016]

Source: File: Erich von Falkenhayn. Online. Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn> [Accessed 21 February 2016]

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