Showing posts with label 1915_02. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 1915_02. Show all posts

Tuesday, 18 April 2017

Poem ~ Villages Devastated - Friday, 20 April 1917

Source: File: The destruction of the church in Moÿ-de-l'Aisne, February 1917. Available at: <http://02610.moy.free.fr/Moydelaisne/02610.moy/Infos/Municipalite/Moyquand/N23/Lanciers.html> 
[Accessed 18 April 2017]

With the western front in France,
Reaching its 35th week in 3rd
Year of war, devastation of lives
Of the population had no conclusion.

Between the invasion of Germany
Taking over ground of Aisne
And reunification of that area,
Came reports of great annihilation.

Making a visitation of the retaken
Region, Chairman of the Aisne
Refugee Committee D.Camp,
Learned of systematic destruction.

Eleven French towns and villages
Were wiped off the map -
The occupiers had used
Variations of means in process.

Battering rams had been built
To destroy ancient town
Walls; dynamite, petrol tar
All employed to take down houses.

Exteriors of churches still stood
But all contents taken,
Graveyards lay broken -
Opened vaults emptied to bury own.

Some 25 miles from Laon town,
Lay Ugny le Gay - little
More than a hamlet
Of 234 people, lay in persecution.

Germans made tax of exactions.
First demanded monies
February 1915; £140.00 -
The same demand again in August.

September 1915 saw how the Mayor
Of Ugny le Gay and others
Were imprisoned, until
Payment of £500.00 were handed over.

October 1915, £200 fee equivalent
In francs was demanded -
12 months later, October
1916, another extortion sum of £1500.

When finally the Germans were forced
From the area, the people
Found their possessions
Had been seized, pillaged and abused.

Young girls of the village were taken
Away - villagers disinterred as
Germans set homes on fire
Destroying machinery and fruit trees.

Any French people who returned to their
Villages, would have struggled
To see where their homes had
Once stood; to see crushed stone piles.

by Jamie Mann.

Anon.,1917. Devastated France. The Daily Telegraph, [online] 9 April March 1917. P.6. Col.5. Available at: <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12214440/Daily-Telegraph-April-9-1917.html> [Accessed: 20 April 2017].

Mann, J., 2016. 100 years Ago - Poems by Jamie Mann. [letter] (Personal communication, 20 April 2017). 



#WW1 #WW1centenary #GreatWar #WW1poem #GreatWar #WW1centenary #worldwarone #worldwaroneremembered #WW1France

Sunday, 16 October 2016

Poem ~ A Swiss Spies for Germans - Monday, 16 October - Thursday, 19 October 1916

Impression sketch; recruitment of Swiss spy Felix Malherbe.

From neutral Switzerland came source
Of subjects, willing to sell services
For purposes of Germany's war intent.
Exact numbers to be then classified
By the French army - for their missions
Such recruited spies travelled miles.

A subject of Switzerland Felix Malherbe,
An electrician, later confessed how his
Involvement as a spy began - six months
Of war had passed, when in February
1915, Felix Malherbe was sat on a bench.
A man came to him asking his situation.

Felix Malherbe had no work or money.
The stranger talked to him asking about
His past, his knowledge and his ability
To speak French - studying his passport
Malherbe evidenced he could freely travel
About France - did he want to earn money?

In agreeing to idea of taking work Malherbe
Was asked to report to a brewery in Geneva.
On arrival there he met a German man from
Loerrach - being a German city close to the
Swiss border - Malherbe learned from him
About the German Intelligence Service.

Given 100 francs Malherbe then agreed
To go on an initial trip across France - war
Was still young and battles over frontiers
Had happened - in the proximity of Cernay
With the battle of Mulhouse, Malherbe
Was issued with specific orders to follow.

This was to be a trial to see how well he did
Various tasks - Malherbe was requested
First to travel via Bellegarda to Lyon, Dijon
And Duchy of Bar, to finally reach Troyes.
A return journey to take in Belfort and Delle,
Having gained information to make a report.

Specifically Felix Malherbe was ordered
To find out about cost of raw materials,
Commodities and resources - to observe
The French state of mind at Villefranche;
Where the engineering company Vermorel
Was engaged in manufacturing of shells.

The Germans wanted to know how many
Worked there - age groups and if men 
Or women. At Dijon Malherbe had to find
How well the army shops were supplied -
Onwards to Neufchâteau, where he would
Discover that a woman of the intelligence
Group had been arrested, as suspected.

At Brienne-le-Château Malherbe learnt
About artillery ammunition of the French.
With the trip going to plan, he returned to
Loerrach via Troyes - here questioned
At length - Malherbe was given 800 francs.
Next he was asked to travel to Cherbourg.

21 March 1915 Felix Malherbe set upon
A mission - meeting a woman of German
Secret Service who had passed him
A newspaper - a series of codes had been
Written In the margin that he conveyed
To Basel. Next he travelled to Cherbourg.

There he looked into state of naval guns,
Then onto Saint-Malo - Malherbe passed on
Information - along to coast from Manche
Into Brittany to arrive Brest; here to discover
About Bretagne Battleship progression and
Goods and coal being shipped to England.

Other boats Malherbe looked for information
On were transatlantic SS Paris, along with
SS France; turned into a merchant cruiser.
Also in Brittany Malherbe arrived in Nantes,
To spy on imports of British steel and state
Of plants; idle by lack of labor or materials?

After passing on information to a German
Spy in Nantes, Malherbe soon travelled
To Paris - to meet four German officers
Disguised as British Red Cross - at end
Of March Malherbe was back in Loerrach,
Providing the secret service with a report.

Handed a total of 1,100 francs Malherbe
Was asked to travel again - at Villefranche
His mission to look into Vermorel plants.
There discovering amounts of shells
Being made, also to find about industrial
Goods produced and moved out by train.

Journeying to Poitiers central France, the
Experienced spy Malherbe looked into
French army enrollment and movements
Across to Evereux in Normandy - after
To Rouen, where 20,000 British 40,000
French troops were being moved to front.

Whilst in Normandy, Malherbe found out
About shipping boats origins and cargos,
To observe unloading of army supplies
By the British - then he looks into numbers
Of wounded or sick troops, to consider
French women’s morality for reference.

German newspapers intentions to say
French immorality was rife and debauchery
Existed in the country - after trying to find
About barracks to house recruits, Malherbe
Moved onto Valbonne southeast France,
To spy on colonial and Montluel troops.

Close to Rhone Alps city Lyon, he sought
Information of troops stationed at Banne
Camp - in same region Malherbe paused
At a station of Saint-Germain-des-Fosses,
To watch troop transports and presence
Of artillery - noting details of an airfield.

After Orleans he found where British were
Stationed - Malherbe back in Paris delved
Into the city’s economy - from 29 March
Spy Malherbe had covered many miles -
Throughout April he had asked questions
To then look at Paris' people and defences.

On 4 May Malherbe journeyed to Troyes,
North central France - his subject there
To look into how factories operated again
And the moves of transport - this talented
Electrician started to falter, running out
Of luck; to be stopped at the train station.

With routine passport checks done more
Thoroughly, Felix Malherbe was detained
And quizzed - due to lack of a diplomatic
Signature - a further search of the Swiss
Subject had found he possessed details;
Regiment numbers and other information.

Imprisoned at Troyes Malherbe underwent
A trial - providing all details of his activities.
In his defence he made an appeal to Troyes
Protestant Chaplin - but charges were held;
Felix Malherbe had conspired with enemy
In 12 months. 12 May 1916 came sentence.

Whilst no immediate execution was made,
He sought a presidential pardon; time ran out.
Monday 9 October 1916 spy Felix Malherbe
Aged 41, finally faced his firing squad 5 a.m.
At Hauts-Clos, Troyes - to be given a small
Paragraph in the English Daily Telegraph.

by Jamie Mann.

Anon.,1916. Spy Shot In France. The Daily Telegraph, [online] 10 October 1916. P.6. Col.6. Available at: <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/12213413/Daily-Telegraph-October-10-1916.html> [Accessed: 16 October 2016].

Source: File: Une affaire d'espionnage à Troyes. Available at: <http://www.jschweitzer.fr/notre-histoire/espionnage/m> [Accessed 16 October 2016]

Mann, J., 2016. 100 years Ago - Poems by Jamie Mann. [letter] (Personal communication, 16 October 2016). 



#WW1 #WW1centenary #GreatWar #WW1poem #GreatWar #WW1centenary #worldwarone #worldwaroneremembered #WW1Spies

Friday, 22 May 2015

Poem ~ Invisible Ink of Spy Kuepferle - Saturday, 22 May 1915


Impression sketch of Mabel Elliott - by Jamie. Mabel worked as a censor in 1915 discovering the method of invisible ink used by Anton Kuepferle
The original can be seen at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-15679088

With varied spy trials gone before,
Came another that went on for some
Time - the events surrounded arrival
Of Anton Kuepferle - who was to say
He was Swiss and naturalised
American travelling from New York.

On14 February 1915 Kuepferle
Travelled onto Dublin then London -
The reason he would provide was
Purely business - his story to say
His trade was wool importer,
Based back in Brooklyn New York.

While travelling to Ireland and
England he had posted business
Letters - addressed to a neutral
Country on the continent - what
Had given him away was
Interception of a postal censor.

The letters had been investigated
And found between written English
Lines were other lines in German,
Written in invisible ink - descriptions
Were of British ships along with
Certain movements of allied troops.

An arrest was made within five
Days on 19 February, by DI Buckley.
The passport Kuepferle held was
From New York, as he swore travel
Was purely commercial based -
Kuepferle was to be put on spy trial.

With his valise searched on arrest,
Was found to contain elements
For creating invisible writing, along
With the same paper type as letters
Stopped - Kuepferle in military
Custody was held at London Tower.

Kuepferle was moved to Brixton
In favour of a civil court - during
Times of exercise, he interacted
With another German - a letter
Found on Kuepferle intended
To be passed onto that prisoner.

Written down were references
To war acts - the German uses
Of gas and how Kuepferle wished
To be at the front again - contents
Were obviously by a soldier,
Not a commercial business man.

In intentions to pass information
Useful to any enemy, of naval
Manoeuvres, Kuepferle charged
Under the Defence of the Realm,
Act - On Tuesday saw public
Hearing - Wednesday in secrecy.

The reason being for all interests
Of National safety - the trial was
Under a Civil Court, but Kuepferle
Was fearful of an outcome of death.
Inspections of his cell confinement
Were carried out every 15 minutes.

Within this time space Kuepferle
Wrote a message on a slate, then
Tied a scarf to a grill he stood on
A library book - with the other end
About his neck, he kicked book
Away - he could not be revived.

Kuepferle's last words said trial
Had been carried out fairly - all
He had done was for his country -
But could no longer take strains.
His ideal to be shot as a soldier
of rank, not to meet a spy's death;
So he took life by his own hand.

 by Jamie Mann.

Anon.,1915. Dramatic End to Spy Trial. The Daily Telegraph, [online] 21 May. P.9. Col.7. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/11608898/Daily-Telegraph-May-21-1915.html [Accessed: 22 May 2015].

Mann, J., 2015. 100 years Ago - Poems by Jamie Mann. [letter] (Personal communication, 22 May 2015). 

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ww1-archive/11608898/Daily-Telegraph-May-21-1915.html


#WW1 #WW1centenary #GreatWar #WW1poem #GreatWar #WW1centenary #worldwarone #worldwaroneremembered #WW1Spies

Wednesday, 11 March 2015

Poem ~ Plan, Prepare, Attack: Neuve Chapelle - Thursday, 11 March 1915


 Neuve Chapelle: Garwhal Soldiers. Sketch by Jamie. See the original image at http://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/military-honours/gabar-singh-negi.php

Source: File: Map.jpg, 2015. Situation 11th March 1915 at 2 p.m.
1 (circled) indicates two reserve companies advance at 2 p.m.
2-2 (circled) indicates ground seized by the two attacking platoons. [online] Available at: <http://www.worcestershireregiment.com/h_neuve_chapelle.php> [Accessed: 11 March 2015].


The Plan

By winters end
And springs beginning,
Hardships of weather
Still pounded along
The western fronts
Of France and Belgium.
Generals behind lines,
In formulating plans -
Having been waiting
For this point in time.

In the closing months
Of 1914, came rumours
Of low Russian ammunition
Supplies - to suggest
That German forces,
Might gain success
On the Eastern front -
Leading to repercussions
On the Western front -
A prompt for British military
Plans for an operation,
In early months of 1915.

A French General,
Joseph Joffre, had opinion
That the Russian position
Was over exaggerated -
But by January’s start
Joffre began to believe
Some type of offensive
Action was needed.
While allied reasons
May be different, their aims
For an outcome would
Be the same - with German
Spread over various fronts,
The allies might just win.

By 21 January, Joffre
Joined in principle,
To a combined offensive
Action  - a place where
This might commence,
Came in February,
With General Haig 's
Plans for a campaign
About Le Bassee
And Aubers Ridge -
Ultimately to capture
The ridge of Vimy,
In the area of Douai.
A draft plan was to take
Aubers Ridge - which gave
Command over Lille -
A prelude to regain
The captured French city.

To make such a step
Would shift British
From the waterlogged
Ditches to higher ground.
But the plan faltered;
Sir John French would
Be given the 46th
North Midland Division,
An inexperienced force -
Without possible assistance
Of Canadians Haig decided
On an independent operation.

Aubers Ridge
Had been held by British,
But only over three days  -
To be driven out
Under a heavy attack.
A fierce German
Presence was virtually
Everywhere - except
For a place called
Neuve Chappelle -
Here Enemy held land
That bulged into the allies.
Neuve Chapelle was
A centre of a salient -
Whose village buildings
Had been used for
Observation and housing
Snipers, that fired
Either way, into
The British held trenches.

At the salient’s northern
End was a fortified
Farm of Moated Grange,
While at southern
End was situated
A cross roads, called
'Port Arthur' - Haig
Hoped a campaign could
Coincide with French
In the southern side.
The plans approval
Came by 15 February -
Haig had to act soon
From 9 March, to form
Two phases. First was
To capture Neuve Chapelle -
Making a line east
Of the village - Then gain
Aubers Ridge, and cut
German communications
Of Lille and Le Bassee.

The Preparations

This plan would
Be the first full attack
To be launched,
From any allied trench line -
A major undertaking,
And audacious plan
With three British armies
Based in the region.
Late February found
The rapid unrolling tasks
For a reorgainsed front.
All attack preparations,
Would be within two weeks.

Neuve Chapelle village
Was to be situated centrally -
With the first army
To be on the left,
And I corps on the right -
With Indian Corps
Centralised.
Such prospects to get out
Of hollow ground,
Would boost the troops.
The campaign's secrecy
Was held by officers,
But many movements
Hinted at such plans.
So first days of March
Became rapidly taken
with training and hard
Exercise of all battalions.

In getting stores promptly
To the frontline tramlines
Were quickly devised -
Bombs and ammunition
Were packed into newly
Constructed magazines
As advanced dumps were
Placed at short intervals,
Stationed closely
To breastworks -
Heavy guns were moved
into hidden positions.
For this operation new
Methods had to be devised;
How would attack troops
Get to the assembly points?

Behind the busy
Administration of war,
Troops undertook
Wire-cutting practice
Bayonet charges,
And bombing drill -
As their officers
Considered problems
In controlling a vast size
And scale of armies -

A further issue concerned
Conveying information,
During the unfolding fight -
Messages would be passed
Through four HQ's to reach
The army - use of wireless
Restricted to divisional
HQ - with telephone line
Being the next  -
But wires could be easily cut  -
And runners could be killed.

Shortages meant orders
Were generally written in
Field Service Pocket Books,
Then passed on as carbon
Copies, out to all units -
This method, to become
Standard Battle practice,
Lacked accuracy and speed -
As found in first use
In battle for Neuve Chappel -
Another method made
By the first army,
Was devising an artillery
Timetable  - in provision
Of set tasks for each battery.

Coloured lines were drawn
On objective maps, marking
Limits of their advance,
These would then coincide
With action of artillery fire -
An English barrage would
Deluge shells on an enemy
Point, for a set time - then
The infantry set forward
With gunnery lifting, aiming
On other, advanced targets.

With ten days
To the attack, the troops
Edged their way
Into positions  -
With 5 March all guns
Took their place.
But an exception
To affect the outcome
Was the late arrival,
Of 6in howitzer Batteries -
Only getting into place
On 9 March  -
Whose accuracy
Would be affected
By lack of preparation -
340 guns finally stood
Ready and waiting.

Low-lying flat land
Added to issues
As in the lack of officer's
Vantage points,
To give direction,
In the control of guns -
Guns that might sink,
In mud had to be fixed.
With the ground troops
Maneuvering,
Royal Flying Corps pilots
Came into their own -
In undertaking Artillery
Observations their flights
Took on a grand scale -
Armed with new cameras
Being used to gain
Images of the war zone.

8 March and the troops
Finally heard about
The planned attacks  -
Rumours gave way to relief.
Then 9 March saw
More troops moved
Into place - as the day went
From afternoon into evening
The wintery weather did
Not relent - into the face
Of this the 2nd Scottish
Rifles slogged a long
Six miles from billets
In freezing conditions.
On a icy road
With mud made solid
The Scottish Rifles
Moved in silent march.

They marched into
The bitter wind - formed
In fours, moving in platoons
In company columns
And at their rear
Came bomb companies.
Shrugged in great coats
They carried
100 standard rounds
With two more bandoliers -
Each a hundred rounds -
On each man's hip
Hung rations haversack,
A rifle slung
On each man's shoulder,
As against their leg
Thumped an 18 inch
British Bayonet.

The Attack

Halfway to their objective
Scottish Rifles gladly halted
At Pont du Hem -
It was 10 March 1 a.m.
Rested and fed
By a Quartermaster's stew,
Until 2 a.m.
The march resumed -
Only for a short distance
Further, where the Scots
Left the road,
To turn East, making for
The front line trenches.

The Company had been
Met by two officers,
In their role as guides -
The day before
In the light the two had
Familiarised the route -
But in the dark,
Across featureless
And flat ground,
They led the Scots
Into alien country
Finally at 4 a.m. reaching
The 2nd Northants -
In relieving these men,
From forward trenches,
The Scots made ready
For next days attack.

In the clumsy dark
On icy mud, they took
Positions with one man
To every yard.
Ladders propped
Against mud walls -
Ahead their own wire
Cut in preparation,
And steps sliced
Into parapets  -
All was set
To go over the top.

With only hours to go
Platoon leaders,
In the weak daylight,
Looked above parapets,
Checking where gaps
In the wire were placed -
And to see general lay
Of the land - 
At 50 yards the enemy
Trench seemed too close
A potential disaster
Could happen -
If their shells fell short.

A misty morning
Was forming
With men stood
In the morning cold.
The night’s activity
Could not escape
One German officer,
Who sent back
A message, for allied
Trenches to be fired on -
Where, during night
Many British troops
Had gathered.
Only the commander
Could authorise this
Attack - and no one
Would wake him.

It was a fact that
German troops
About Neuve Chappell
Sector were lacking
In March - with only 13th
And 14th Divisions -
The order From British
HQ made note,
On 9 March,
That the allies
Had 48 battalions
Against only three
German Battalions.

Calling on reserves
The 11th Jäger Regiment
Filled the German gap
South of Moated Grange -
Their tactic being to man
Frontline trench, lightly
With fuller defences
At some 1000 yards back
On the second line.
Yet pressures
Of maintenance
Meant this second line
Only partially constructed
Their solid defences
being the strong points.

10 March 6 a.m.
And gunnery fired
Their ranging shots -
By 7.30 a.m. distances
Were fixed - heavy
Bombardment began.
Explosive clouds
Of a lyddite stench,
Began to blow back
Onto the British
Who waited - covered
In filth and grime -
Yet excited at the
Prospect that German
Defences would not
Be able to take the fire.

8.05 a.m. and barrage
Moved, to creep
Toward Neuve Chappell
The whistles called out
And men climbed
Onto a battle ground.
Indian troops,
Of the Garwhal Brigade,
Made a mistaken move.
Their two forward
Companies, took
To the right of their
Intended target -
Reaching where no
Artillery had hit -
Two more companies
Followed into the heavy fight.
Still the determined
Garwhal Brigade
Gained a enemy trench.

Others of the Garwhal
Brigade succeeded
As they sped over 200 yards
To dive into the German
Ditches - gaining five
Machine guns, to take
200 prisoners.
Yet some had slipped
Through a gap
Into vacant trenches  -
But reserves of Seaforth
Highlanders acted, to curtail
Any possibility
Of an enemy wedge.

Royal Irish and Rifle Brigade
Moved into Neuve Chappell
All By 8.50 a.m. -
But movement
Through the village
Was halted
As British artillery
Bombarded ground
Between the village
And Bois Du Biez.
On the right contact
Was made with Indian
Troops who dug down
Into poor ground.

Problems had started
To occur for the 23 Brigade
And the Scots - late
Arrival of 6in howitzers
Had failed to crush
The wire - where Germans
Were hardly affected -
They immediately started
Firing their heavy
Machine guns,
On attackers
At point blank range.

With first two waves
Cut down - from Front
And right  - the British
Waited for a further
Bombardment -
A German game
Played out  -
Yet one Scottish
Company despite
Their losses, gained
An enemy trench.

9.40 a.m. and shells
Barred down on those
Germans opposite
The waiting Middlesex's
This time making
An effective hit.
No in their advance,
The Jäger Battalion
Lifted arms in surrender
With objectives reached
And taken, faults slowly
Began to unwind.

Communications began
To falter and go awry -
Generals had to wait,
To hear by mid afternoon,
Of success and objectives
Gained  - a confusing
State had unraveled.

After some hours
On from events, new
Orders were passed -
Made along a large
Chain of commanded -
Finally 24th Brigade
Were told to progress -
It was 1800 hours When
The General advance
Was to go ahead.

With darkness falling,
Movements about mud
And ditches of earth
Became harder still -
Yet an Indian Advance
That had begun at 1700
Hours - over 300 yards -
Was done to reach
Layes Brook - unopposed.
The stream
Being 10 foot wide
With 4 foot of water
And steep slopes,
Was easily crossed
Using light bridges.

With 400 yards more
To Bois du Brez -
At the wood's border -
Lay a road and ditch.
By 1800 hours
With fall into darkness
The Indians began
To dig in.
Then reinforcements
Of Germans nearby
Changed all plans.
By 8 p.m. Indian troops
Withdrew to Layes Brook -
Avoiding any likely
Mix up in darkness
With an enemy presence.

The darkness of night
Fell on end of the first day.

by Jamie Mann.

BAYNES, J. Lieutenant-Colonel  (1966) Neuve Chappelle. Purnells History of the First World War. Volume 2  (Part/Month unknown). P. 733-741

Mann, J., 2015. 100 years Ago - Poems by Jamie Mann. [letter] (Personal communication, 11 March 2015). 


#WW1 #WW1centenary #GreatWar #WW1poem #GreatWar #ww1centenary #worldwarone #worldwaroneremembered #WW1Neuve Chappelle